Ap English Book Report Essays

Ap English Book Report Essays Ap English Book Report Essay Ap English Book Report Essay Name of Book: Nickel and Dimed Author: Barbara Ehrenreich Plot Summary: The author, Barbara Ehrenreich, works for the prestigious New Yorker magazine. One day over lunch with a famous editor discussing possible stories to write, she comments that the minimum wage is too low. She thinks someone used to more money should try to live on this pittance. The editor, Lewis Lapham, assigns her the story. This is not good news for Ehrenreich. Having spent her childhood with middle class struggling people, she does not want to live a life of risk or discomfort. Also, shes older and doesnt want to do hard physical labor or live in an inferior building. Therefore, the author makes some rules for herself on this assignment. She wont rely on her superior education or the skills she normally uses to support herself. So she does an experiment to see if she can survive working on low wage to support herself. Major Characters: Barbara Ehrenreich   Author was the main character of the book, conceiving and carrying out the low-wage experiments. Ehrenreich kept her real name while applying for jobs, though she did not reveal her Ph. D. in biology, or her background as a writer. B. J. B. J. was a manager at the first job Ehrenreich took during the experiment, at a restaurant in Key West. George- George was a dishwasher in the Key West Restaurant. An immigrant from Czechoslovakia, George spoke little English and had trouble understanding the problems that were happening in the restaurant around him. He was eventually accused of stealing from the restaurant and fired without understanding the reason. Ted- Is the manager of The Maids, a housekeeping service in Maine that Ehrenreich joins. Ted attempts to get Ehrenreich to tell him about any employees who have been complaining about their jobs. Ehrenreich believes that many of the women working for The Maids are doing so to gain Ted’s approval. Holly- Holly is a maid who works with Ehrenreich in Maine. She discovers she is pregnant during the month Ehrenreich is there, and suffers from dizzy spells and nausea. During one house cleaning she twists her ankle and walks with a limp afterward. Marge- A maid from Maine who suffers from arthritis, Marge is regularly paired with Holly and Ehrenreich for house cleaning assignments. Melissa- An employee of a Wal-Mart in Minneapolis, Melissa works with Ehrenreich sorting clothing. She quits her job when Ehrenreich does, saying that she doesn’t want to work there without her. Howard- Howard is the assistant manager at the Minneapolis Wal-Mart. He conducts regular meetings for all employees in order to discuss emergency scenarios and to warn them not to talk to each other. Setting: This novel takes place in three different locations; the first site chosen for the experiment was Key West, Florida, as it was close to her home. Searching for a job and a place to live, she found a waitress position at a small restaurant, which she calls Jerry’s. The restaurant, like most of the places she works, is not revealed by its true name in her book, nor are the people she meets. Her next city of choice was Portland, Maine. In Maine, there are many weekly motels to choose from, and she finds one that is affordable and comfortable. She chose this location because of its mainly Caucasian demographics. She finds two jobs that she is able to keep at the same time working as a maid for a housekeeping service during the week, and as a dietary aide in a nursing home on the weekends. In Minneapolis, Minnesota, Ehrenreich spends more time looking for a place to live than in the other cities. The vacancy rate in Minneapolis was less than 1%, and Ehrenreich was unable to find an apartment. Hotels renting by the week or month were also hard to come by. Motifs: Author is using imagery where Grace a senior in the nursing home staring at Barbara very accusing and demanding for her cup to be refilled. The author expresses the senior’s stare at Barbara and wanting her cup at this instance. There is a  sense of imagery where you can see the senior very mad and cranky for not having her cup refilled. Vocabulary: Chapter 1 Perpetual Continuing or continued without intermission or interruption. Intrigue To arouse the curiosity or interest of by unusual, new, or otherwise fascinating or compelling qualities. Dithering A state of flustered excitement or fear. Proffer To put before a person for acceptance. Chapter 2 Piteously Evoking or deserving pity. Albinism The state or condition of being an albino. Infiltrate To cause to pass in by filtering. Prophetically Of  the  nature  of  or  containing  prophecy. Pristine Having  its  original  purity. Chapter 3 Disembarking To  leave  an  aircraft  or  other  vehicle. Allopathic the  method  of  treating  disease  by  the  use  of  agents  that  produce effects  different  from  those  of  the  disease  treated. Corridors A  gallery  or  passage  connecting  parts  of  a  building. Denunciation An  accusation  of  crime  before  a  public  prosecutor  or  tribunal. Cadence Rhythmic  flow  of  a  sequence  of  sounds  or  words. Denouncing To  condemn  or  censure  openly  or  publicly. Chapter 4 Hierarchy Any  system  of  persons  or  things  ranked  one  above  another. Toiletries any  article  or  preparation  used  in  cleaning  or  grooming  oneself,  as soap  or  deodorant. Extravagances Excessive  or  unnecessary  expenditure  or  outlay  of  money. Expenditures Something  that  is  expended. Inadequacy something  inadequate.

How to Make the Most of Your Entry Level Job

How to Make the Most of Your Entry Level Job It’s no secret that an entry level job probably isn’t the fulfilling job of your dreams, where you get to do something you love while you make bank. These jobs are, by necessity, an experience-building step so that you can make connections, get experience, and bulk up your resume for better opportunities. So while it may feel like a slog when you feel frustrated with menial tasks or with being the most junior person in the office, it’s important to power through. 1. Reasons Not to Waste Your Time2. How to Get the Most Out of an Underwhelming JobReasons Not to Waste Your Entry-Level TimeThough it may not seem like you’re doing Earth-shattering work in your role, you shouldn’t be discouraged, or take the experience for granted as you put in your time in the trenches. Here are 5 reasons why you should be super-proactive during your time as an entry-level employee.1. You don’t want to get stuck.What’s that old saying about those who donâ⠂¬â„¢t learn from history being doomed to repeat it? It’s on you to push yourself to the next level(s) of your career. If you don’t take your time as a lower-level employee seriously and start gathering the tools and resources you need to move on eventually, you could end up staying in this entry-level role for an uncomfortably long time. Years can have a way of sneakily passing on you, and you really don’t want to get five years into your career and be in the same spot where you started. Even if you just started your entry-level job, start thinking about how it may relate to your next2. Your time is valuable.Even when it feels like you’re just punching the clock or keeping a seat warm in case someone needs you for a task, it’s not free time. If you can take meaningful skills and experience from your role, it’s not a matter of just sitting through your days until you get to some magical time threshold. Your days should count, which means you r hours spent at work should count too, no matter what you’re doing.3. You’re doing work that needs to get done.If your role weren’t necessary, wouldn’t the company find other ways to get the work done? You were hired because you bring a certain level of skills and potential, and the company thought you were a good bet to do this work. Remember that, even when it feels suspiciously like you’re doing things that a moderately-trained helper monkey could do. You’re doing tasks that free up others in the company to get their work done- and you shouldn’t discount your importance as a part of that process, no matter how unglamorous that work might be. For example, writer Trent Hamm literally shoveled dirt all day long in his first job. Fun? Nope. A necessary evil for his company’s bottom line? You betcha.  4. It’s not an internship.You’re there to learn, in the sense that you’re just starting out, but youâ€⠄¢re also being paid to perform a function. This change in mindset can be a subtle one (especially if you were the intern a year ago), but it’s important to start thinking of yourself as being on your career path now, not just doing prep work anymore.5. It’s not forever.The day feels long, sure- especially if the projects you enjoy doing are rare and secondary to more tedious tasks. But the beauty of the entry-level job is that at some point, you will have what you need to move on and seize other opportunities. It may take a year or several to build what you need for your next steps, but there is light at the end of that tunnel.Once you start thinking about your entry-level time as a transition period (albeit one without a specific expiration date), it helps you get into the right mindset for making the most of that time.How to Get the Most Out of an Underwhelming JobBut how does one do that, you ask? It’s great to have the mindset of â€Å"I need to take advan tage of my time,† but that can be†¦unclear. Let’s look at some strategies for seizing that work day.Be positive.If you wake up every day and tell yourself how much the day is going to suck, guess what? Your day is going to suck. Instead of thinking about how boring your day will be, or how much you’d rather be doing something (anything) else, come up with three things you want to accomplish at work that day. It doesn’t have to be huge accomplishments- maybe it’s cleaning out a supply cabinet that’s been driving you crazy. Or maybe it’s as simple as having a conversation with a colleague. If you have a set of purposes throughout the day, and you hit those mini-goals, you’ll end your day on a more satisfied note.RELATED:  10 Ways to Stay Positive About Your First Job Out of CollegeSeek out the perks.Does your company offer a discount, or free tickets to local events? Back when I was an editorial assistant with a thankless s et of tasks and even lousier pay, one saving grace was having access to my company’s books for free. And even when I wasn’t interested in the books themselves, it was great to have them as a resource (read: gift/bribe) for friends and family who were. It was a nice perk to have, even when I despised my job some days. Even if it’s just free bagels once a week in the break room, or an employee discount at a store, take advantage. If your entry-level job is like most of ours, the salary isn’t huge, so free/cheap stuff can go a long way. Perks can make it more bearable to go in day after day when you’re not feeling totally engaged in your to-do list.Build your skills.The skills you already have are great- after all, they got you hired in the first place. But will they get you to the next milestone in your career? The answer to that is â€Å"probably not.† No matter where we are in our careers, we can always pick up new skills or spiff up the one s we have. If you’re trying to figure out which skills you should work on, do a little research into what people a little further along on your career path have, by looking at job listings.  RELATED:  13 Skills You Need to Put on Your ResumeYou can start building those skills in a very straightforward way: talk to people! Start conversations with colleagues you don’t know well, especially if you’re an introvert. Take opportunities to make presentations, or speak up in meetings. Learn as much as you can about what your company does, who does it, and what’s involved in those jobs. If your goal is to move beyond your entry-level job at some point, then taking your soft skills to the next level will help you achieve that faster.Don’t mess around.If you have a lot of down time during the day, don’t spend that time messing around on Facebook or playing Yahtzee on your phone. Find little things to do, like organizing. Talk to your boss about ot her things you can do to flesh out your responsibilities. You don’t want to go overboard to the point where you’re feeling overwhelmed, but if you have time to check your personal email, you have time to do other things. Remember: at this point in your career, you’re still looking to establish yourself. Your boss and others at the company will notice if you’re proactive in finding things to take on, rather than doing just the bare minimum required by your job description.Find a mentor.This might be your boss, or someone at the company who used to be in your role. You can ask this person for advice on how to handle challenges at work, or pick their brains on how to move forward in your field. It’s a great way to build relationships and your network, but also those communication skills as well. Plus, it can make you feel less alone if you’re feeling blah or unhappy about your job.Be punctual.That means no slipping through the door, slightly di sheveled, at 9:30 instead of your expected 9:00 start time. That means making sure you’re on time for meetings or scheduled time with coworkers. That means not blaming your commute four days out of five. Regularly showing up late is a very clear way to say â€Å"I don’t really care about this,† and people do notice, even if you don’t get in trouble for it. On the flip side, people also notice if you’re in and ready to go at 9:00, and appreciate it that you’re available when needed. It’s one of those â€Å"low effort, big return† investments in your work day.You will move on eventually, to a different job or a different company when you figure out what your next career step is. But in the meantime, make sure you’re getting everything you can out of this job. It’s important careerwise, but also for your sanity- what’s the point of going through all this if you’re just going to be unhappy? Maximizing yo ur entry-level job is also about maximizing your personal stake in it, and making it work for you.

Case Analysis on Hornell Brewing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Analysis on Hornell Brewing - Essay Example Canadian competitors Financial, Market 15. Academe Social, Reputation 6. Native Americans Financial, Legal, Reputation 16. The Local Community Financial, Market Stability 7. Lawyers of Chinese investors Financial, Legal 17. The Global Community Financial, Market Stability 8. Chinese investing public Financial 18. Future Generations Financial, Market Stability, Social 9. Canadian entrepreneurs Financial 19. American competitors Financial, Market Stability, Social 10. American Entrepreneurs Financial 20. Legal, Social a.) Please identify two pairs of stakeholders with opposing interests/stakes and describe briefly how they conflict. The Chinese investors want them to be represented by Chinese nationals as they do business in Canadian and American soil. This, in turn, will have a conflicting interest with Canadian and American representatives because this would mean taking away jobs from them. Also, one aspect of the business is that Chinese investors are looking for start-up businesses that involve natural resources project and take them over. This presents conflict to Canadian and American interests because Chinese are not known to be respectful of the environment when they conduct evident with the disregard of their industrial plants to environment back in China. What makes the issue worrisome is that these Chinese investors are looking for Chinese nationals who might connived with them comparing to Canadian and American representatives who have genuine regard for the Canadian and American environment because it is their environment. b.) Please identify two pairs of stakeholders with shared interests/stakes and describe briefly how they might benefit from coordinating their interests. The Chinese investors and their representatives have a common interest of making money in the projects that they will be involved in. The investors return for their investments and the representatives, stability of employment and there could even be bonuses. Using information from the case, propose recommendations for possible business activities that promote LONG-TERM enrichment for each of the following stakeholders: customers Chinese investors must ensure that they follow all the government regulations about using the natural resources in their projects. News about abuse in the environment can make Canadian and American customers jittery and they are not that tolerant to environment abuse compared to Chinese. shareholders Chinese investors must make sure that their business practices are ethical and legal to make their fellow shareholders feel confident about their business in foreign soil (Canada and America). If the investors get involved in any form of environmental abuse, investors will divert their investors to other business. the natural environment It is highly suggested that Chinese investors be represented by local Canadians and Americans for the general public become more confident about their operations that involve the environment. Also, their operations will have a greater probability that it is in accordance with Canadian and American laws because of the representatives’ familiarity not only with the local law but also on the local perspective on how to treat the environment. Chinese are not known for being sensitive about the environment. the local community Chinese investors must be transparent in their operations to have the confidence of local community. If the local community protests their presence and operation, it would make their business very difficult. It may even

Research Methods (semi structured interview of four women in the sex Essay

Research Methods (semi structured interview of four women in the sex industry) - Essay Example The paper also discusses the various themes and the data that will be collected in the interview. There are two research methods namely quantitative research method and the qualitative research method, both qualitative and quantitive research methods have their strength and weakness. D according to Amaratunga (2002) Qualitative research method is concerned with the properties, the current state and the character, in this method data is collected through focus groups, questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative research on the other hand is defined as collection of numerical data, in this research method data can be sorted, categorised and measured, for this reason therefore statistical analysis of the data can be undertaken to obtain central measures such as the mean, median and standard deviation. In this research I intend to use the qualitative method of research, qualitative methods collect greater information depth and details than in the quantitive method of research, therefore this method will aid in collection of more information in our case because some of the themes in our study are not easy to generalise. Our research topic is very sensitive and therefore the qualitative method being suitable for s... Qualitative method of research will create openness between the interviewer and the respondents whereby the participants can discuss subjects that are important to them rather than when the respondents are offered closed questions. The research coordinators can also correct and clarify ambiguities and confusion over concepts. Therefore Qualitative method in our research will help reduce biased responses in the answers given and any confusion corrected. Having discussed the advantages of qualitative method we can conclude that it is suitable to undertake our research method, it will help us collect more information and for this reason we will not require a large sample size, our results will also not be biased in that the research coordinator will clarify any misunderstanding of questions and also the ability to check the level of understanding by the respondents. It would be therefore to collect data using the qualitative research method. Semi structured interview: Biklen (1992) states that In structured method of surveys interviews have limited number of questions but in the semi structured interview there are set themes to be explored and therefore the interview is flexible and does not follow a limited number of set questions. In a semi structured interview the survey is like a conversation and respondents are more likely to open up and give more information. Face to face interviews have advantages over the other survey methods, according to Biklen (1992) some of these advantages include the opportunity to clarify any misunderstanding of questions by the respondent, and the research coordinator also has the opportunity to gain more information on the

An Introduction To Logic Gates Essay

An Introduction To Logic Gates Essay Logic circuit is one that behaves like a switch, i.e. a two-positive devise with ON or OFF states. This is termed as binary device, in which the ON state is represented by 1 and the OFF state by 0. We require devising a logic statement which can be expressed in only one of two forms. For instance As you may know, computers store information in gigabytes, megabytes, and so on. The fundamental unit of storage is the bit or binary digit, which is similar to a switch. Like a switch, which has two states on or off, the bit has two states 1 and 0 (sometimes represented as true and false. We use this abstraction to represent numbers with the binary number system. In order to perform calculations, the computer manipulates bits by means of logical operations, which use inputs to yield a particular output based on the input bits states. To explicitly define the logic, we use truth tables which express the outputs in terms of all combinations of inputs. Examples of truth tables for logical operations are given below: Logical AND (i.e. A.B=C) Logical OR (i.e. A+B=C) Logical NOT (i.e. A) A useful way of representing these logical operations is by means of logic gates, which are pictorial representations of the logic. The most basic logic gates, which illustrate the Boolean logic of the above truth tables, are AND logic gate C=A.B OR logic gate C=A+B NOT logic gate B=A Using the logic gates above, we can create schematics of more complicated circuits. These combinational logic circuits involve feeding the output of one gate to the input of another gate. This allows us to create useful circuits that function according to our needs. Examples are provided below: F=X.Y.Z F=X+Y+Z F=X+Y.Z We probably know that calculators and computers store decimal (0-9) numbers as long strings of zeros and ones in a form called binary code. Each number is stored using microscopic electronic switches called transistors. Its easy to store binary numbers simply by switching transistors on and off. Switching on a transistor stores a number one; switching it off stores a zero. So storing numbers is easy. But how can you add, subtract, multiply, and divide using nothing but electric currents? Calculators and computers do these using clever electronic circuits called logic gates. Fig:1.1 Photo: A gate can keep we out or let we into a field. In the same way, a microscopic logic gate is a barrier in an electronic circuit that can let electricity through or stop it flowing altogether. Put lots of logic gates together and you make a machine thats capable of basic mathematical reasoning. TYPES OF LOGIC GATES: Logic gates: circuits that compare A logic gate might sound horribly complex, but its simply an electric circuit with two inputs and an output. It receives two incoming electric currents, compares them, and sends on a new, outgoing electric current depending on what it finds. A logic gate is a bit like a doorman or bouncer who is allowed to let people into a nightclub only if they pass certain tests. There are quite a few different types of logic gate, the most common of which are called AND, OR, NOT, XOR (Exclusive Or), NAND (NOT AND), and NOR (NOT OR). Lets look at the three simpler ones, AND, OR, and NOT: AND Suppose we went to a nightclub where the doormans job is to enforce a simple rule: Everyone in our group must wear a tie to come in. We went along with a friend one night. If were both wearing ties, youll get in. If only one of we is wearing a tie, or if neither of us is, neither of you will get in. An AND logic gate works the same way with two electrical inputs. If both inputs are switched on (that is, carry a number 1), the output will be 1 as well. Otherwise the output will be 0. In electronics, we can represent an AND gate with this little symbol. Three ways in which the gate can work are shown below. OR Were not wearing a tie, so you go to another club further down the street. Here, the person on the door is enforcing a different rule: A group of people can come in if any one of them is a member. If either we or our friend is a member, or if you both are members, we can both come in. If neither of we is a member, youre both left out in the cold. An OR logic gate works this way with two electrical inputs. If either input is switched on (that is, carries a number 1), the output will be 1 as well. Otherwise the output will be 0. In electronics, we represent an OR gate with a different symbol. Three ways in which it can work are shown beneath: NOT So far, weve failed to get into either of the clubs. But theres one last hope: you know a friend is having a party a few streets away. The only trouble is, theres a really argumentative and contrary person on the door. He talks to each person in turn as they approach him. If youre nice and polite, he shouts abuse at you and turns you away. But if youre rude to him, he likes that for some reason and lets you in. In other words, he does exactly the opposite of what youd expect! In electronics, theres a logic gate that works in the same, contrary way and its called a NOT gate or invertor. Unlike AND and OR gates, it has only one input and one output. The output is exactly the opposite of the input, so if the input is a 0, the output is a 1 and vice versa. Heres how we represent a NOT in electronics. Two ways it can work are shown beneath. The other three common logic gates are variations on these three. XOR (Exclusive OR) is like an OR, but it switches off if both the inputs are switched on. NAND is just like AND, only the end result is swapped over (so where AND produces an output of 1, NAND produces an output of 0). NOR is like OR with the end result swapped over in the same way. Calculators can do all the things they need to do using different combinations of logic gates. Its logic gates that control how the display works in a calculator and more logic gates that figure out the results of calculations. Lets take a closer look NAND gate This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of all NAND gates are high i any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.   NOR gate This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high. The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.   EXOR gate The Exclusive-OR gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. An encircled plus sign () is used to show the EOR operation. EXNOR gate The Exclusive-NOR gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate. It will give a low output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion. The NAND and NOR gates are called universal functions since with either one the AND and OR functions and NOT can be generated. Note: A function in sum of products form can be implemented using NAND gates by replacing all AND and OR gates by NAND gates. A function in product of sums form can be implemented using NOR gates by replacing all AND and OR gates by NOR gates. IMPLEMENTATION OF LOGIC GATES FIG: 1.2 130 ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR   The Friden 130 uses diode-resistor OR and AND logic gates, with transistor-based inverter, buffer, and flip-flop devices. It performs math operations in bit-serial form, using the magnetostrictive delay line as the medium for storing its working registers. Logic levels are 0 Volts representing logic 1, and -12 Volts (nominally) representing logic 0. The delay line input transducer is driven with a pulse of approximately 20V, and by the time the signal makes it to the other end of the delay line, the voltage induced in the transducer is approximately 35mV, or 35/1000ths of a volt. Digits are stored within the delay line as a series of pulses arranged in groups for each digit. Zero pulses represent a zero, and nine pulses represent a nine, with the numbers in-between represented by a number of pulses matching the number. As the pulses exit the delay line, they are amplified and fed into the counters (the A and/or D counters), which count the number of pulses in the digit to form a uniq ue five-bit identifier that represents the number. The counter registers are not configured as counters in the usual binary sense. They are instead configured as five stage switch-tail shift registers, such that they count in a sequence of shifting 1s. For example; 0 is represented as 00000; 1 as 10000; 2 as 11000; 3 as 11100; 4 as 11110; 5 as 11111; with 6 as 01111, and ending with 9 as 00001. With five flip flops, each counter can represent the numbers zero through nine as unique combinations of bit patterns. In terms of applying logic gates to real world applications, many gates can be used in Figure1`.3CEP-1114 Piezo Buzzer Frequency processing. For example, when dealing with piezo audio transducers such as the CEP-1114, an oscillating frequency signal is require to produce a sound pattern from the buzzer.   Figure 3: AND gate signal output wave generator such as an oscilloscope or a programmed PIC must be logically processed with a second frequency signal to create a combination of high/low outputs which will turn the Buzzer on and off creating a sound pattern. So if you used a Square-wave signal from a PIC as one input into an AND gate and a second varying frequency as the other input, it is proven due to AND gate logic that when both signals are high the buzzer will produce a sound, and any other combination will turn the buzzer off. Furthermore, as you can see from Figure 3 on the left, the output is only high when both Input A and Input B are high. If Input B was changed or altered, this would alter the output signal sent to the buzzer. Imagine that Input B was stretched so that only one period was observed in the time give rather than two periods. This would extent the time that Input B is high and would increase the time that the output is high. Additionally, if variation of the waveform inputs is difficult or impossible, variation of the output can still be accomplished by simply changing the logic gate implemented. If the AND gate currently being used was replaced with a NAND gate, the output would be completely reversed. Every time the output was high using the AND gate will now be low, and every time the output was low will now be high. Conclusion Logic gates come in all shapes and sizes, and whether they are used in combinations or individually, they provide the user with many options and solutions to problems which may appear difficult at first. Furthermore, these seven basic logic gates ease the complexity of Boolean algebra and allow for simple application in electronics and circuit analysis. These gates can be used in almost any situation such as comparison of frequencies when developing filters in communication or in more mechanical settings when using choppers and inverters which compare input and output currents to determine modulating indexes. Figure 2: CEP-1114 Piezo Buzzer FLIP FLOPS Flip flops are actually an application of logic gates. With the help of Boolean logic you can create memory with them. This is the most basic idea of a Random Access Memory [RAM]. If the logic gates are designed correctly, they will be helpful in remembering the input value given to them. A higher application of flip flops is helpful in designing better electronic circuits. The main use of flip flops is the implementation of a feedback circuit. As a memory relies on the feedback concept, flip flops can be used to design it. Given below is a simple feedback circuit using two inverter logic gates. Take a look. Though this circuit is not good for practical electronic circuits, it will help you to get a clear idea on what a feedback circuit is. When the value of the output Q happens to be 0, it always remains 0. If the output happens to be 1, it always remains 1 There are mainly four types of flip flops that are used in electronic circuits. They are The basic flip flop or S-R Flip Flop Delay Flip Flop [D Flip Flop] J-K flip flop T flip flop 1. S-R Flip Flop The SET-RESET flip flop can be designed with the help of two NOR gates and also two NAND gates. These flip flops are also referred to as S-R Latch. S-R Flip Flop using NOR Gate The flip flop has mainly two inputs, called the SET [S] and RESET [R]. There are also two outputs, Q and Q. The diagram and truth table is shown below. S-R Flip Flop using NOR Gate From the diagram it is evident that the flip flop has mainly four states. They are S=1, R=0-Q=1, Q=0 This state is also called the SET state. S=0, R=1-Q=0, Q=1 This state is known as the RESET state. In both the states you can see that the outputs are just compliments of each other and that the value of Q follows the value of S. S=0, R=0-Q Q = Remember If both the values of S and R are switched to 0, then the circuit remembers the value of S and R in their previous state. S=1, R=1-Q=0, Q=0 [Invalid] This is an invalid state because the values of both Q and Q are 0. They are supposed to be compliments of each other. Normally, this state must be avoided. S-R Flip Flop using NAND Gate The circuit of the S-R flip flop using NAND Gate and its truth table is shown below. S-R Flip Flop using NAND Gate Like the NOR Gate S-R flip flop, this one also has four states. They are S=1, R=0-Q=0, Q=1 This state is also called the SET state. S=0, R=1-Q=1, Q=0 This state is known as the RESET state. In both the states you can see that the outputs are just compliments of each other and that the value of Q follows the compliment value of S. S=0, R=0-Q=1, Q =1 [Invalid] If both the values of S and R are switched to 0 it is an invalid state because the values of both Q and Q are 1. They are supposed to be compliments of each other. Normally, this state must be avoided. S=1, R=1-Q Q= Remember If both the values of S and R are switched to 1, then the circuit remembers the value of S and R in their previous state. Clocked S-R Flip Flop It is also called a Gated S-R flip flop. The invalid state can only be removed by using a bistable SR flip-flop that can change outputs when certain invalid states are met regardless of the condition of either the Set or the Reset inputs. For this, a clocked S-R flip flop is designed by adding two AND gates to a basic NOR Gate flip flop. The circuit diagram and truth table is shown below. Clocked S-R Flip Flop A clock pulse [CP] is given to the inputs of the AND Gate. In the beginning the outputs of both the AND Gates remain 0 until the value of CP is 0. When a pulse is given the value of CP turns 1. This makes the values at S and R to pass through the NOR Gate flip flop. But when both the S and R values turn 1, the HIGH value of CP causes both of them to turn to 0 for a short moment. As soon as the pulse is removed, the flip flop state becomes intermediate. Thus either of the two states may be caused, and it depends on whether the set or reset input of the flip-flop remains a 1 longer than the transition to 0 at the end of the pulse. Thus the invalid states can be eliminated. 2. D Flip Flop The circuit diagram and truth table is given below. D Flip Flop D flip flop is actually a slight modification of the above explained clocked SR flip-flop. From the figure you can see that the D input is connected to the S input and the complement of the D input is connected to the R input. The D input is passed on to the flip flop when the value of CP is 1. When CP is HIGH, the flip flop moves to the SET state. If it is 0, the flip flop switches to the CLEAR state. To know more about the triggering of flip flop click on the link below. TAKE A LOOK :  TRIGGERING OF FLIP FLOPS TAKE A LOOK :  MASTER-SLAVE FLIP FLOP CIRCUIT 3. J-K Flip Flop The circuit diagram and truth-table of a J-K flip flop is shown below. J-K Flip Flop A J-K flip flop can also be defined as a modification of the S-R flip flop such that it is a refinement at the indeterminate state of the SR flip flop. The inputs J and K behave just like the S and R inputs of the S-R flip flop. The letter J stands for SET and the letter K stands for CLEAR. When both the inputs J and K have a HIGH state, the flip-flop is designed to switch to its complement state. So if the value of Q was 1, it switches to Q=0 and if the value of Q was 0 it switches to Q=1. Two 3-input AND Gates are used in the circuit. The output Q of the flip flop is given as a feedback to the input of the AND along with other inputs like K and clock pulse [CP]. So, the flip flop gets a CLEAR signal when the value of CP is 1 only if the value of Q was earlier 1. Similarly output Q of the flip flop is given as a feedback to the input of the AND along with other inputs like J and clock pulse [CP]. So the output becomes SET when the value of CP is 1 only if the value of Q was earlier 1. The output may be repeated in transitions once they have been complimented for J=K=1 because of the feedback connection in the JK flip-flop. This can be avoided by setting a time duration lesser than the propagation delay through the flip-flop. The restriction on the pulse width can be eliminated with a master-slave or edge-triggered construction. 4. T Flip Flop This is a much simpler version of the J-K flip flop. Both the J and K inputs are connected together and thus are also called a single input J-K flip flop. When clock pulse is given to the flip flop, the output begins to toggle. Here also the restriction on the pulse width can be eliminated with a master-slave or edge-triggered construction. Take a look at the circuit and truth table below. T Flip Flop Conclusion Logic gates come in all shapes and sizes, and whether they are used in combinations or individually, they provide the user with many options and solutions to problems which may appear difficult at first. Furthermore, these seven basic logic gates ease the complexity of Boolean algebra and allow for simple application in electronics and circuit analysis. These gates can be used in almost any situation such as comparison of frequencies when developing filters in communication or in more mechanical settings when using choppers and inverters which compare input and output currents to determine modulating indexes

Essay --

In today’s society, no individual is free from discrimination. Discrimination can be defined as looking down on an individual or group because of sex, race, nationality or certain personality characters. Race, gender, disability, sex, age, religion, national origin, color, and marital status are the main features work place discrimination. It can also happen with regards to the terms and conditions of work for example salary, work hours, paid leave, promotions, work security and industrial health and safety. Workplace discrimination can be seen in all ranks of job and is it extremely expensive to businesses. Most corporations do not support this act because it is considered to be damaging and promotes disparities. According to (craig 2007), billions of dollars goes wasted annually because of work place discrimination or harassment. Work place discrimination can happen based on some features which are fairly different from workers performance. The damaging effect of this conduc t can be high as it decreases job performance, productivity and exposes the organization to costly lawsuit. However, businesses that places more importance on equal opportunities in the work place are tactically competitive than those that are discriminative. According (Craig, R 2007), businesses that are said to be discriminative are in a competitive disadvantages because discrimination disregard all eligible workers who are skillful of contributing to the overall purpose of the business. Appropriate ethics policies related to nondiscrimination issues There are a large number of well-established policies associated to work place discrimination. These policies prohibit any form of discriminatory practices. Businesses are obliged to obey where policies against... ...resented. Implementation steps for these policies All corporations requesting to build a workplace atmosphere in which discriminatory conduct are not accepted can take several steps towards the reaching of this objective. Policies of all organisations should clearly stipulate rules against all forms of discrimination. Equal opportunity statement must be clearly stated and should protect any employee who raises concerns of discrimination. The prevention of discrimination conduct must be part of the service contract of all workers. The prevention of discrimination conduct must be incorporated in the service agreement. Corporations must educate its employees on the importance of all forms of discrimination and frequently prompt them about the consequences of it. There should also be numerous avenues in which complaints about discrimination can be addressed or handled.

GCSE media studies coursework Essay

In this essay I will be comparing two articles taken from local newspapers in different areas. I will be looking at the techniques used in each article and their effectiveness. I will use this comparison to eventually decide which article is the more effective of the two. The two headlines from the articles are quite different. ‘Inches from tragedy’ is a large, bold headline written in a way that makes you want to see what the headline is talking about, as it sounds serious. ‘Firemen free bathroom tot’ on the other hand is quite small for a headline and only really uses one emotive word, free, making it sound like the child was imprisoned, which is worse than what actually happened. I think that ‘Inches from tragedy’ is the more effective of the two headlines because it grabs the readers attention and uses a lot of emotive language in such a short space to make the reader carry on reading. The language used in these articles is quite emotive in both cases. Both articles use exaggeration to tell you what they are trying to say. This is especially evident from quotes like â€Å"escaped death by inches† and â€Å"impossible for him to get out† as they are telling the truth about the events that occurred in each case, but are blatantly over-emotive to make the article more interesting. The firemen free bathroom tot article especially exagerrates the situation as it makes a toddler stuck in a bathroom sound like a major rescue attempt, whereas the other article Inches from tragedy features a very serious situation anyway. I think that both articles use emotive language very well, and that they are equally good at getting there point across through using language. Both of the articles feature one long, main interview and one shorter interview towards the end of the article. The interviews have been included in each case to give the reader an account of the events in the article from one of the people involved. This is a good idea as people who were actually involved in the events of the article will be able to give more information on what actually happened, and will probably know things that no-one else does. Having interviews also makes the reader sympathise with the people involved, especially if it is coming from one of the people mentioned in the main first paragraph of the article. The people who put together the articles must make sure that everything they include in the interviews is relevant and that they are not too long. I think that the article that uses interviews and quotes better is probably Inches from tragedy, because all the information given is relevant to and informative about what happened. I also think this because the interviews featured are not too long and leave room in the article for other information. Having a picture in an article is a good idea, because it lets the reader see exactly who was involved and let them see what effect the events of the article have had on them if at all. It can also give extra visual information to back up what is said in the article. This is especially evident in the picture from Inches from tragedy as it not only gives a picture of the avalanche victims, but also diagrams and labelled photos to show exactly what happened and where and when it happened. Journalists may also include pictures in their articles because it breaks it up and makes it seem like less to read. An article consisting entirely of text can seem quite daunting. Again Firemen free bathroom tot is nicely done with a good picture of the firemen and the child they ‘rescued’, but Inches from tragedy uses it’s picture better because as well as a photo of the two brothers caught in the avalanche, it has informative and interesting diagrams as backup to the article. Using fact and opinion in an article is good because it lets the reader compare an outside factual account of what happened with an opinion given from a reliable source. These two things will probably differ from each other, so it is good to give the reader both so that they can compare the two to see what actually happened. As well as differing from each other fact and opinion also back each other up on certain points of the article, such as the effect something has had on certain people. Fact and opinion can add drama to a piece, but the journalist would be better off making sure that they tie in with one-another, rather than being totally different. This would give well backed up accounts of what happened, adding a sense of drama to the article. Both articles use fact and opinion very well and I think are equally successful at giving well backed up information about what happened in each. These articles are obviously aimed at different audiences. Inches from Tragedy is found in the Metro, a newspaper which is probably aimed at city types and people who live in places dominated by big news. Firemen free bathroom tot on the other hand is found in the Bury St. Edmunds Citizen which is probably aimed at the people who live in the town of Bury St. Edmunds where news like that in this article would probably be big in the town, but not many other places. This means that the article from the Metro has been written in an interesting and emotive style, but is condensed to a size that can be read quite quickly. It also contains just the basic facts about what happened, backed up by good interviews. The other article on the other hand is about the same length, but contains a lot of information on what happened, backed up by fairly short interviews with the people involved. This more long-winded style is probably better suited to an article of this nature. The final effect on the articles is that Inches from tragedy is interesting to anyone because of the use of language and pictures, but Firemen free bathroom tot would only be found interesting by the people of Bury St. Edmunds. However, this is probably what both articles wanted to achieve anyway, so they are both quite effective at reaching their target audience. Overall, I think that both articles are effective at getting their story across to the people intended. They both feature emotive language, a large headline, interviews and a picture. Inches from tragedy was very well put together and extremely informative. The language used and the picture are two of this article’s main strong points, but it could do with more information on what happened and how instead of the excess of interviews. Firemen free bathroom tot is also very well written and is probably aimed at being something of a comedy article. It makes the situation sound major by using lots of exagerration and emotive language. However, sometimes the language used is a bit too much for the situation, as it isn’t anywhere near as serious as the article makes out. There is also quite a bit of irrelevant information in the article, such as the child looking at the fire engine. I think the most successful of these two articles has to be Inches from  Tragedy, because it is interesting, informative and not too long. It also backs up the information given in the articles by picking out relevant quotes and sections from interviews. The other article I feel doesn’t do this as well and so it just loses out.